- Design rules
- Testability rules
- Boundary-scan rules
- MPS – Philips Research [1]
- PPVS – Aster Technologies [2]
- PCOLA/SOQ – Agilent Technologies [3]
- The supply of correct materials
- The correct placement of components
- The soldering of components to the PCB
- Integrated with CAD layout tools to identify where physical access is required
- Back-annotated into the schematic design
- Integrated with commercial CIM tools to identify where probes are required
